语法规则：

完整的条件句包括主句与条件句两部分。

真实条件句: 用于阐述科学真理和一般事实。语法结构是: 条件句中为“If +一般现在时” ，主句也是用一般现在时。

虚拟条件句: 表示将来可能发生的事情，讨论容易实现的可能的事情。语法结构是: 条件句为“if +一般现在时” ,主句中使用将来时 “will + 不定式”。
 
例句:

1.If you heat ice, it melts. (真实条件句)

 
2.It’s easy, if you try. (真实条件句)
 
3.If I have enough money, I will buy a new pair of rain boots. (虚拟条件句)

 
4.If you can plan your summer trip, where will you go? (虚拟条件句)

 
练习:

选择合适的短语填空：

1. If you heat water, ______________. (it boils/ it will boil).
2. If it’s warm tomorrow, I __________ a walk with you. (will take/ take)
3. When the sun ______, it gets dark. (sets/ will set)
4. It lights up if you ___________the button. (push/ will push)
5. If you see him, you__________ recognize him. (will/ are)

 
参考答案:
 

1. it boils.
2. will take
3. sets
4. push
5. will

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语法规则:

动名词与动词不定式都是由动词变化而成的。

动词不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”。例如, “to do,” “to sleep,” “to love” and “to create.”

动名词是由动词+ing构成: “sleeping,” “drawing,” “swimming.” 这些实际上都是用作名词的动词形式。

有些动词可变为动词不定式与动名词两种形式, 而有些动词却只变为其中一种形式。
 
1.动词后可接动词不定式与动名词，但意思上略有差别。 后接动名词（verb+ing）的动词，如：like，love ，hate，通常表达喜欢、讨厌某个事物或已经发生的某一动作。当后接to do的动词，如like，love，hate，通常表达偏好，或表示将要发生的某一动作。

2.只接动名词或动词不定式的动词:
 
2a. 只接动词不定式的动词: agree, decide, deserve, expect, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, promise, seem, wait, want。还有很多后接动词不定式的动词，在英语学习的过程中，你自然会接触到这些单词。
2b. 只接动名词的动词: admit, advise, avoid, consider, deny, involve, mention, recommend, risk, suggest。

通过练习，你就会知道何时该用ing，何时该用to do了!
 
例句：
1.I like playing games. (意思是： 我经常玩游戏，而且我很爱玩游戏。)

 
2.I like to play games. (意思是: 我想要玩游戏。)

3.He agreed to babysit his little sister. (你不能说: he agreed babysitting his little sister.)

 
4.I admit making a mistake. (你不能说: I admit to make a mistake.)

 
练习：

用所给动词的适当形式填空：
 
1.I hate______________, so I quitted. (dance) (meaning I tired and I don’t enjoy it)
2.I hate___________, but sometimes, I have to. (lie) (meaning you don’t think lying is right, but you are about to do it)
3._______or not to be, that is a question. (be)
4.I enjoy _________ with my grandparents. (walk) (meaning you’ve done it and liked it.)
5.I hope __________ you soon! (see)
 
参考答案：
 

1. dancing
2. to lie
3. To be
4. Walking
5. to see

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语法规则：

下面是三种常见表示时间的介词：

• at表示具体时间。
• on表示某一天，日期。
• in后接某日，某月，某年，世纪，一段时间。

例句：1.The shop opens at the 10 am. 2.Your research paper is due on Friday, June 10th. 3.My birthday is in August. 4.I wake up early in the morning.  练习：用正确的时间介词填空：[list=1]

This 2018 FIFA World Cup Tournament will begin ______June 14th.

He came back ___________midnight last night.

Jason was born_____ 3 o’clock ________the morning _________ April 10th, 1994.

We often go to the beach ______ the summer.

I took the stairs, and he took the elevator, but we arrived ______the same time.

参考答案:[list=1]

on

at

at, in, on

in

at

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语法规则:

“Every-”, “any-”, “some-” 和 “no-”, 这些都是不定代词(不特指某人，某地，某事)的前缀。

“Everybody” 泛指所有人。

“Somebody” 表示未知的、部分的人, 不特指某些人。

“Anybody” 用于否定句与疑问句，不特指某个人。 ‘Any-‘ 也可用于否定句，其意与every类似。

“Nobody” 用于肯定句，但表示否定含义：指没有人。
 
例句:

1. Anybody can do this job.
2. Everybody deserve to be treated equally.
3. I have nobody on my side. I have to finish it on my own.
4. Clearly, somebody ate my food. Who could it be

 
 
练习:

用“nobody” “anybody” “somebody” “everybody” 填空：

1. .The show is starting in 10 minute, but __________ has arrived yet.
2. Can _______ close the door, please
3. .We can’t leave until __________ is ready.
4. I don’t know ________ in that class.
5. _______ called to look for you.

参考答案:

1. nobody
2. somebody
3. everybody
4. anybody
5. Somebody

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语法规则：

“Have to” 表示命令，带有强制性，意味着如果不做这件事就要承担相应的后果。

“Should” 表示义务,提出建议。同样， “Should” 可表示可能性。

例句:

• You have to come with me. (meaning that you must come with me.)
• We should go together. (meaning that I suggest we go together)

 练习:用 “have to” 、“should”填空：[list=1]

Do I _______ go? I don’t want to.

You _________slow down. You are driving faster than the speed limit. (indicating “must”)

You _________watch the film. I enjoyed it a lot. (indicating a suggestion)

You _________ watch the film before you could write a review on it.

You _________not be late.

参考答案： [list=1]

have to

have to

should

have to

should

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语法规则：

“Many” 形容事物的数量很多，可修饰可数名词。 与之对应的用于修饰不可数名词的是 “much”。

“Too many” 是指超出应有的数量，过多。

“A lot” 与“many”的意思相同，但它可以修饰可数与不可数名词。

“Several” 是指数量超过两个，但比many的数量少。只能修饰可数名词。

“A couple of”用于修饰两个（东西），或一些（东西)、少量（东西）。

“A few” 是指数量较少（的东西），同样只能修饰可数名词。与之意思相同的，修饰不可数名词的是 “a little”。

以上量词都表示数量的不确定。

上表中左列单词修饰不可数名词，尤列单词修饰可数名词。
 
例句:

1.He has a couple of good friends in school. (意思是：他有一些朋友，但没有很多)

 
2.The party is over, but many people stayed. (意思是：很多人留下来)

 
3.I can speak a little French, just the greeting words. (意思是：我只知道一些短语)

 
练习:

选择修饰名词的量词填空.
1.There is _________water left in the bottle. (a few/ a little)
2.He bought ___________ books for the summer, including the ones on the summer reading list. (several/much)
3.-Can you speak English?
-Yes, but only _______. (a few/ a little)
4.I only have ________ hours in transfer between the flight. (a few/ a little)
5.Squeeze _________ bit of lemon juice in your soup. It will bring the taste to the next level. (a few/ a little)
参考答案:

1. a little
2. several
3. a little
4. a few
5. a little

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语法规则:

代词(I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody)是用来替代名词的单词。

代词分为三类：主格（例如，he）；宾格（him）或所有格（his）。选择哪一个代词取决于两个因素：

1. 被代替的名词；
2. 这个被取代的名词在句中的功能。

主格代词包括: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

宾格代词包括: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.

物主代词包括: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

在学习代词的同时, 掌握形容词性物主代词也是很有必要的，因为他们在形式上与代词相似。形容词性物主代词出现在它们修饰的名词前面，所以他们不像代词那样替代名词。物主代词包括：my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their。
 
例句：

• He did the job. (“He” 在句子中是主语。)
• I haven’t seen him today. (“him”在句子中是谓语。)
• Those shoes look like his. (“his” 是指“ his shoes” 在这里是物主代词。)
• Joe forgets to bring his backpack to school today. （“his”放在名词前面，表示“他的”）

 练习： 选择适合的代词：he/his/him 填空.[list=1]

The teacher wants to talk to ________.

Jim didn’t feel well, so _____ stayed at home.

This is _____ friend, Samantha.

That jacket is mine, not _____.

The boy is waiting for________ parents to pick _____up.

答参考案：[list=1]

him

he

his

his

his, him

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语法规则：

英语中有两种冠词：the与a/an。

“A” 与 “an” 意味着名词指代任何一个群体中的人或事物。“A/an”只能修饰可数名词。“A” 用在辅音开头的单数名词前面, 如：a boy; a car. “An” 用在元音开头的单数名词前面，如：an egg; an apple; an idiot。

“The” 特指一个群体中的人或事物。The可以用在可数名词的单复数和不可数名词前。

下面是一些使用 “the” 指代地理名词的规则：

1. 不加 “the” 的国家名称: Italy, China, Russia, etc.
2. 加“the” 的国家名称: the Netherlands, the United States, the Dominican Republic.
3. 山川湖泊名称前不加“the” : Lake Tahoe, Mountain Fuji, and etc.
4. 山脉前加“the”： the Rockies
5. 海洋河流名称前加 “the”: the Nile, the Pacific

 
例句：
1.I would like to go see a movie. （a movie 指看任何一个电影都可以）

 
2.I just saw the best Broadway show of the year. （the best Broadway show， 特指 “我”看过的最好的那一场百老汇秀）

 
3.I need a new phone. I want the new IPhone. （a new phone, 指任何一个新手机，the new IPhone, 特指最新的IPhone）

 
练习：
选择恰当的冠词填空: a/ an/ the

1. Hank is _______very nice person.
2. Sherry is___________ apple of my eye.
3. My mom always says, “______ apple a day, keeps ___________doctor away.”
4. Close______ door, please. It’s cold here.
5. David had _______ chicken sandwich for lunch. _________ sandwich was delicious.

参考答案：

1. a
2. the
3. an, the
4. the
5. a, the

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语法规则：

有一些很少，但却常用的以ed和ing结尾的形容词。以ed结尾的形容词修饰人，而以ing结尾的形容词修饰事物与情况。如果你在讨论一个人的性格与行为时，别忘了使用-ing来修饰。

例句：

1.My holiday was relaxing. I was  relaxed.

 
2.He was tired after working out for a couple of hours in the gym.


3.Working long hours is tiring.​


练习：

使用正确的形容词填空:

1. Jim was ___________ to find out he was nominated for class president. (surprise)
2. Alex was__________ for tomorrow’s trip. (excite)
3. Cars’ alarms go off during the firework, as if they are _______. (frighten)
4. Some people think rainy days are beautiful, but I think they are _________. (depress)
5. Doing the same job every day can be _________ for somebody. (bore)

参考答案：

1. surprised
2. excited
3. frightened
4. depressing
5. boring

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语法规则:

“Every-”, “any-”, “some-” 和 “no-”, 这些都是不定代词(不特指某人，某地，某事)的前缀。

“Everybody” 泛指所有人。

“Somebody” 表示未知的、部分的人, 不特指某些人。

“Anybody” 用于否定句与疑问句，不特指某个人。 ‘Any-‘ 也可用于否定句，其意与every类似。

“Nobody” 用于肯定句，但表示否定含义：指没有人。

例句:

1. Anybody can do this job.
2. Everybody deserve to be treated equally.
3. I have nobody on my side. I have to finish it on my own.
4. Clearly, somebody ate my food. Who could it be

 
练习:

用“nobody” “anybody” “somebody” “everybody” 填空：

1. The show is starting in 10 minute, but __________ has arrived yet.
2. Can _______ close the door, please
3. We can’t leave until __________ is ready.
4. I don’t know ________ in that class.
5. _______ called to look for you.

参考答案:

1. nobody
2. somebody
3. everybody
4. anybody
5. Somebody

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